Fruits and vegetables constitute a large part of the Greek diet. The country has rich soil and a large agriculture. Fruits and vegetables are eaten seasonally, and while many have been imported to the country since ancient times, there are several key native ones that play an important role in Greek cuisine.

As Greeks conquered and colonized in ancient times, they spread figs from their own native regions to the surrounding areas. With thick outer skin and sweet flesh inside, figs have been one of the main fruits of Greek cuisine for millennia. They are used in dishes in either a dry or fresh form, or eaten on their own.

Grapes have also been cultivated in Greece since ancient times. They are both eaten as they are and juiced to make beverages, most notably wine. The alcoholic drink created from this fruit was so revered in Greek culture that a deity specifically representing wine was worshipped. Wine is still produced in great quantities throughout the country, and grapes themselves are very common in dishes, as well as eaten on their own.

The artichoke has been in use in Mediterranean cuisine since ancient Greek times. This thistle, which is native to the region, is prized for its tasty center. The artichoke that is the most commonly used throughout the world is a variety actually named "Greek artichoke."

Cucumbers are another fruit that is well documented as a food staple in ancient Greece. Those grown throughout the region are quite small and have less moisture in their flesh than most of their counterparts. They are used mainly in salads, or eaten plain.